Our analysis of risk in Lancashire

The Fire and Rescue National Framework identifies challenges that we have to deal with such as the continued threat of terrorism, the impacts of climate change, impacts of an ageing population and the need to cut the national deficit.  In pursuit of our vision of ‘Making Lancashire Safer’, it is important that these wider challenges are understood to help us plan to achieve our strategic objectives in a more informed manner.

To address these challenges Lancashire fire and rescue service carry out a periodic assessment of risk to help us to consider the potential impact of external factors that may be a risk to our business.  Where we identify risks, we need to act.  This may be to actively mitigate the risk or simply to monitor it, and indeed there may be risks that we choose to accept and to take no action.  Ultimately, we must satisfy ourselves through this strategic assessment of risk that there is no threat to our vision and that our strategic objectives are not compromised.

As a service we review our assessment of risk at least annually by analysing our external and internal operating environments as part of our corporate planning process.  This edition of Lancashire’s Strategic Assessment of Risk document aims to highlight the risks we face and how we intend to deal with them.  The information is based on current and historical risk data which is presented to inform our plans and strategies both now and in the future.  This strategic assessment of risk underpins our corporate planning process and will strengthen our community risk management plan, which we have a statutory duty to provide.  Whilst the summarises how, through planning, we consider fire and rescue related dangers that could affect our communities and how we aim to tackle them, the strategic assessment of risk provides some of the detail on these risks and on where we are targeting our resources in the most efficient and effective way to manage the risk.

Each of the 14 district areas which make up the county faces its own unique risks.  To effectively assess the risk, district plans are developed based on local intelligence and are supported by a district intelligence profile that is produced annually.  The purpose of the profiles is to highlight activity and risk across each district both in terms of incident, geographical and people risk.  This evidence-based document is designed to support the district plans by highlighting the most significant issues, the highest risk groups to target and the most significant areas to target.

The environment in which we operate is constantly changing and new risks to our communities will always emerge.  It is our job to ensure that we continually assess these changing risks and ensure we keep the communities of Lancashire safe through our assessment of risk and prioritising our response to those risks.  In addition to our annual process, we continue to analyse any emerging opportunities and threats throughout the year through our normal risk management processes. 

Lancashire Combined Fire Authority

The Combined Fire Authority is responsible for leading and supporting Lancashire fire and rescue service.  The Combined Fire Authority has a membership of 25 elected councillors consisting of 19 from Lancashire County Council, 3 from Blackburn with Darwen Council and 3 from Blackpool Council.  Under the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 the Combined Fire Authority is legally required to enforce fire safety legislation and to reduce the risk of fire causing death, severe injury and property related losses to the community.  It must also make provision for rescuing people in the event of road traffic collisions and for protecting people from serious harm arising from road traffic collisions in the Lancashire area.

The Combined Fire Authority are legally responsible for the enforcement of the Regulatory Reform 2005 (Fire Safety) Order which is applicable across England and Wales.  This Order places the responsibility on individuals within an organisation to carry out risk assessments to identify, manage and reduce the risk of fire within public and commercial buildings.

The Combined Fire Authority governs Lancashire fire and rescue service, which is a designated Category 1 responder under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004.  This Act requires emergency responders in England and Wales to co-operate in maintaining a public community risk register which is a product of the Lancashire resilience forum.  The Lancashire Resilience Forum gives responders the opportunity to consult, collaborate and share information with each other to facilitate planning and response to emergencies.

About Lancashire

We respond to the area of Lancashire, covering 3,076 sq. km and with a large resident population, the Lancashire-14 area is one of the most populous and urbanised localities in Britain, but still manages to be an area of astonishing diversity.  The 2021 Census usual resident population figure for Lancashire-14 area was 1,531,200; all of whom we aim to target and serve.  This represented an increase of 70,300 people or a population growth rate of 4.8% since the last census in 2011.

Our service is split into six districts, all with their own unique challenges and risks that influence our prevention, protection, and response activities locally.  These districts are Central, Eastern, Northern, Pennine, Southern and Western.

There is much to be admired in the traditional townscapes, however with a broad range of building types from stone-built dwellings and mills, timber frame apartments and iconic heritage listed buildings, the risk of the built environment is large and ever changing.

Lancashire is well connected to bordering counties with an expansive range of transport networks, including five motorways and 5091.7km of road.  Key railway lines, shipping ports and airports can also be found within the region.  These provide rapid access for both north-south and east-west travel, making Lancashire and other parts of the region easily accessible for work and tourism.

There is something for everyone in Lancashire, with countryside, canals, 123-km of coastline and towns attracting 51.51 million visitors per year (the most recent 2021 data shows a fall from pre-covid figures of 68.74 in 2018) with staying visitors accounting for approximately 11% (5.8 million).

The National Incident Recording System was introduced by the Department for Communities and Local Government in 2009, with the requirement that all fire and rescue services record operational data using a standardised data collection mechanism.  This has allowed unprecedented insight and analysis to be carried out at a national level, as well as presenting fire and rescue service fire and rescue services with the ability to greatly enhance data-led decision making.

During the fifteen years in which incident recording system has been in operation, incident levels within Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service have reduced by 12%, which equates to approximately 2,453 incidents. This reduction in activity is evident across most incident types, with false alarms reducing by 19%, secondary fires by 42% and primary fires, which are the most significant type of fire, have reduced by 42% within the same timeframe. However, special service incidents have doubled, mainly due to the adoption of undertaking.

Injuries and fatalities

The introduction of has incident recording system allowed fire and rescue services to record additional granularity and data on victims at operational incidents. Within the last fifteen years, injuries at fires have reduced by 30%, with the number of people receiving first aid and precautionary checks reducing by 15%.  Last year, there were 309 injuries resulting from fire, with 12% requiring a hospital visit.  Unfortunately, last year saw seven fatalities in fires.

A large rise in the recording of victims from special service incidents has been witnessed over the previous fifteen years.  Recordings of injuries have risen by 63%, with fatalities rising by 125%.  In the past many of these have occurred in RTCs, now small increases are as a result of providing support or assistance to other agencies, mainly in affecting entry to domestic premises on behalf of North West Ambulance Service.

The additional granularity and data recorded on victims as a result of the introduction of incident recording system has enabled greater analysis and insight to be obtained.  This has led to the introduction of more tailored and targeted campaigns and initiatives through data-led decision making.  Of all the accidental dwelling fires, 53% started in the kitchen last year.  Of these incidents, the most common correlation was the negligent use of a cooking appliance.  Due to this, home fire safety checks and safe and well visits place an added emphasis on kitchen or cooking safety.

Resource to risk

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service aims to allocate resources to risk, providing the most effective and efficient service and value for money to the people of Lancashire.  Our offering is based around prevention, protection and response arrangements which are all tailored to current and emerging risks and applied proportionately to maintain risk at levels that are as low as reasonably practicable.

We aim to primarily prevent fires and other emergencies from happening.  We allocate resources through our prevention and protection teams, supported by operational crews and partner agencies to educate inform and advise our diverse communities.

When incidents occur, we operate a range of operational crewing systems both wholetime and on-call.  This allows us to allocate resources effectively based on the risk associated with geographical areas within Lancashire.  To maintain a highly trained operational provision we are supported by our service training centre, which incorporates specialist training facilities and highly skilled and accredited instructors.

The heat map below shows the location of our fire stations mapped against overall incident activity levels.  The areas of lowest demand are represented by the light green shading and moves through darker green, to amber to red to display the areas of our highest demand.  Many of our stations are in areas of high activity, but we also have stations where incident levels are comparatively lower, but the impact of fires and other emergencies could be significant.

National Risk Register

The National Risk Register 2023 provides a government assessment of the most serious risks facing the United Kingdom.

The UK faces a broad and diverse range of risks, including threats to lives, health, society, critical infrastructure, economy and sovereignty.  Risks may be non-malicious, such as accidents or natural hazards, or they may be malicious threats from malign actors who seek to do us harm.  The risks that meet the threshold for inclusion in the National Risk Register would have a substantial impact on the UK’s safety, security and/or critical systems at a national level.  The National Risk Register includes information about 89 risks, within 9 risk themes.  The risks are thematically grouped to bring together risks that share similar risk exposure and require similar capabilities to prepare mitigate and respond.

Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological and infrastructure, Environmental, Legislative, Organisational Analysis

P.E.S.T.E.L.O. analyses seven external influences on an organisation:

·       Political

·       Economic

·       Socio-cultural

·       Technological and Infrastructure

·       Environmental

·       Legislative

·       Organisational

By analysing these factors, we can gain insight into the external influences which may impact Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service.

Political

UK Government Fire Reform White Paper

The Home Office published the Government response to the Fire Reform White Paper consultation on 12 December 2023.  The Ministerial Statement set out the Government’s priorities which include:

•       Introducing a professional College of Fire & Rescue to raise standards and strengthen leadership.

•       Developing provision for fire chiefs to have operational independence.

•       Tasking the National Joint Council to review the pay negotiation mechanism.

•       Taking action to improve integrity and culture in fire and rescue services through improved training, more open recruitment practices and working towards a statutory code of ethics for fire and rescue employees.

Wars, conflicts and political unrest

Wars, conflicts and political unrest (such as in Ukraine and Israel) have the potential for further adverse effects such as:

•       Threat of public disorder both in other countries and the UK

•       Terrorist activity in countries outside of the region involved which could include the UK

•       Disruption to energy supplies

•       Volatility in gas and oil market prices

•       Disruption to global trade and supplies of commodities such as fertilisers, wheat etc. leading to shortages and price inflation

•       Higher demand for some commodities (such as Body Worn Armour) and price inflation

•       Displacement of populations and potential for refugee flows.

•       Diversion of public resources / funding to enhance national security, potentially reducing those available for other public services.

Economic

Deprivation

Deprivation is measured across England through the combined index of multiple deprivation 2019 (IMD 2019) which is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas known as lower-level super output areas in England.

Since 2015, all of the Lancashire-14 authorities have become relatively more deprived on the index of multiple deprivation rank of average rank measure, apart from Chorley, West Lancashire and Ribble Valley.  Preston has the greatest percentile change, -6%.  Burnley and Hyndburn are both in the most deprived 10% of the lower-tier local authorities within England on the index of multiple deprivation rank of average rank measure, Pendle and Preston are both in the most deprived 20%.  In contrast, Ribble Valley is in the least deprived 20% in England.  Blackpool unitary authority is ranked as the most deprived lower-tier local authority in England on the index of multiple deprivation rank of average rank measure, plus seven other measures, including income, health, local concentration and the percentage of people employment deprived.  Blackburn with Darwen is also in the most deprived 10% in England.

Lancaster joins Burnley, Hyndburn, Pendle and Preston in the 20% most deprived areas in England for the health deprivation and disability rank of average rank measure and the living environment rank of average rank measure.

Inflation / cost of living

Increases to mortgage and rental costs, due to rising interest rates, can lead to higher rates of homelessness and people living in less safe types of accommodation such as ‘houses in multiple occupation’ (HMOs), with potential for higher risk to life in the event of fire.

There is also a potential for higher rates of business failure due to supply chain issues, unsustainable rises in supply costs, and / or reduced demand due to ‘cost of living’ pressures on consumers leading to increases in numbers of empty and derelict premises, with associated fire risks.

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service could also face longer lead times and higher prices for fire and rescue service vehicles, equipment and consumables leading to shortages of parts and budgetary pressures.

Fuel Poverty

A new fuel poverty metric Low Income Low Energy Efficiency indicator considers a household to be fuel poor if:

·      it is living in a property with an energy efficiency rating of band D, E, F or G as determined by the most up-to-date Fuel Poverty Energy Efficiency Rating Methodology; and

·      its disposable income (income after housing costs and energy needs) would be below the poverty line.

The 2021 fuel poverty statistics indicate that 15.2% of households were fuel poor in the Lancashire-14 area compared to the national average of 13.1% (an increase from 12.6% of households in 2018).

Pendle (19.8%), Burnley (19.6%), Hyndburn (18.6%), Blackburn with Darwen (18.3%) and Blackpool (20.2%) had the highest proportion of fuel poverty in the Lancashire-14 area.  South Ribble (10.0%) and Chorley (11.1%) had the lowest proportion of fuel poor households.

Socio-Cultural

Population Changes

The latest population projections, covering the period from 2018 to 2043, for the Lancashire 14 authority areas show that growth rates across the county are expected to have distinct differences.

For the Lancashire-14 area, a 7.2% increase is projected over the 25-year period, resulting in an expected population total of 1.606 million by 2043.  These increases have been revised up from the previous projections.  Chorley (17.8%), Fylde (16%), Ribble Valley (13.3%) and Rossendale (12.6%) are predicted increases above the England average.  Blackburn with Darwen (1%), Blackpool (1.6%) and West Lancashire (3.8%) are predicted the lowest increases.

When carrying out further comparisons with predicted population levels by age group analysis shows that the number of children aged 0 to 15 will peak in 2022 and then decline.  The working age population is predicted to peak in 2032 and the older population are predicted to continue to increase.  Statistics show that there are significant increases in predicted population groups over the age of 65 that become greater still as the age range increases, with more in the 85 and over bracket each year as life expectancy increases over the period.  The old age dependency ratio (number of people on state pension per 1,000 people of working age), is predicted to increase in every district over the period of the projection, with Wyre seeing the largest increase from 489 in 2018 to 630 in 2043.

The growing number of people aged over 65 and above presents significant challenges not only for Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service but also for our partners as demand increases for services.  To address this Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service works collaboratively with partners to identify and support the most vulnerable individuals within our communities.

Dwellings and households

The 2021 census recorded:

·      That across the 14 Lancashire Districts there were 90,590 (17.2%) of households with an adult living alone aged 65 or over.

·      17.42% of all households in Fylde and 17.40% of all households in Wyre had one person in this age-group, which are amongst the highest rates in England and Wales.

·      An average life expectancy for males is 78.5 and for females 82.2 years old.

Living alone may not necessarily affect an individual’s fire risk; however, living alone combined with specific demographic characteristics can do so.  Age, mental health, physical wellbeing and living environments can all play a part in contributing to an individual’s circumstances for them to be considered at a higher risk of death or injury caused by fire.

One person households in the Lancashire-12 area are projected to rise by 17.9% to 205,038 households, or 34.9% of all households, by 2043, slightly higher than the England projected average of 33%.  Fylde (39.9%), Preston (38.7%), Hyndburn (37.2%), Burnley (37.7%) and Pendle (36.7%) are projected to have some of the largest percentages of one person households in England in 2043.  Blackpool (41.2%), in the Lancashire-14 area, is projected to have the seventh highest percentage of one person households in England (out of 326 local authority areas).

In 2016 it was predicted that between 2016 – 2041 Lancashire’s dwellings would increase by 7.3% to 674,107.  In 2021, the whole Lancashire-14 area had a total dwelling stock of 692,404 of which 87.3% was owner occupied or privately rented.  Lancashire’s rise in dwellings has already surpassed the 2041 prediction just 6 years after it was made.  This poses a risk to Lancashire, not only by increasing the number of dwellings we attend but this also impacts planning as the county continues to grow faster than estimated.

Cultural Diversity

From the 2021 Census, the largest ethnic group was white (86.6%, a decrease from 90.4% (1.32 million) in the 2011 Census).  The black and minority ethnic group formed 13.5% of the population (‘Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh’ accounting for 10.4%).  Numerically, there were almost 136,756 black and minority ethnic people living in Lancashire.

In the Lancashire-14 area in 2021, the ‘White’ ethnic group had increased by 5,503 people (0.4%) since the 2011 Census, and the ‘Other than white’ ethnicities had risen by 64,754 persons (46.0%). 

The number of usual residents within the ‘Other than white’ ethnicities rose in all of the Lancashire-14 local authority areas since the 2011 Census.  Blackburn with Darwen rose by 15,873 people (34.9%).and was the greatest increase in the Lancashire-14 area since the 2011 Census, Preston (up 12,710 people, 45.7%) saw the next greatest increase, followed by Pendle (up 10,199 people, 56.6%), Burnley (up 5,545 people 50.4%), Hyndburn (up 4,299 people, 43.2%), Lancaster (up 3,833 people, 61.5%) and Blackpool rose by 2,776 people (58.7%)..  Wyre saw the smallest numerical increase (932 people, 49.1%).

Ribble Valley (up 88.8%, 1,091 people) and West Lancashire (up 75.6%, 1,574 people) saw the largest percentage increases in the area.  Rossendale (up 27.5%, 1,158 people) recorded the lowest percentage increase in the area.

In the Lancashire-14 area, the 2021 Census results show that Blackburn with Darwen, Pendle, and Preston have the highest proportions of ethnicities ‘Other than white’ (39.7%, 29.6%, 27.6% respectively), and are above the proportions for England and Wales (18.5%) and England (19.0%).  The remaining eleven Lancashire-14 local authority areas, including Blackpool unitary authority, have lower proportions than England and Wales, with the bottom 3 being Wyre (2.6%), West Lancashire (3.2%) and Ribble Valley (3.8%).

Health and Wellbeing

The health and wellbeing of the people of Lancashire can be linked to lifestyle and behavioural factors but can also be linked to a wide variety of social, economic, and environmental factors such as poverty, deprivation, housing, environment, or ethnicity.  All these factors can heighten the risk of individuals being more susceptible to requiring assistance from the emergency services.

The health of people in Lancashire varies when compared to England.  Within the county there are wide differences between the most and least deprived areas.  Blackpool (53.5 years) has the lowest male Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE)[1] in England; Blackburn with Darwen (58.8 years) is also one of the lowest.  Both are significantly worse than England (63.1 years).  Blackpool (54.3 years) and Blackburn with Darwen (59.3 years) also have amongst the lowest Healthy Life Expectancy for females, with Blackpool having the lowest in England.

When looking at life expectancy at birth for men, at a district level, only Ribble Valley (81.0 years) has a significantly better male Life Expectancy when compared to England (79.4).  Burnley (75.7), Hyndburn (76.6), Preston (76.7), Wyre (77.8), Rossendale (77.9), Pendle (78.0) and Lancaster (78.5) are all significantly worse.  At district level, the Life Expectancy for females are significantly worse than England (83.1) for Burnley (80.3), Preston (80.5), Hyndburn (80.8), Rossendale (81.2), Pendle (81.5), Chorley (81.9), Lancaster (82.2) and Wyre (82.3).

The Active Lives Survey (202/22) estimates that 65.7% of the adult population (18+ years) in Lancashire-12, 68.4% in Blackburn with Darwen and 72.3% in Blackpool are classed as overweight or obese, significantly above the England estimate of 63.5%.  Again, national trends indicate an increase overall in the numbers who are obese or overweight and it is expected the rates in Lancashire will also rise.  Physical activity levels for adults are also low, although similar to England, and increasing these can be beneficial for health.

There are issues across the county around falls, unintentional injuries and hospital admissions.  The highest risk of falls is in those aged 65 and above, and it is estimated that about 30% of people aged 65 and above living at home and about 50% of people aged 80 and above living at home or in residential care will experience an episode of fall at least once a year. Falls that result in injury can be very serious - approximately 1 in 20 older people living in the community experience a fracture or need hospitalisation after a fall.  In the Lancashire-12 area the percentage of the 65+ population predicted to have a fall is projected to increase by 33% by 2035 and the percentage of these predicted to be admitted to hospital as a result is projected to increase by 40% by 2035 (from 2020).

The health of adults in the county is mixed; prevalence and incidence rates for many long-term conditions varies (although this may be indicative of effective screening in some districts) and residents in the more deprived areas of Lancashire tend to have higher levels of premature and overall mortality from these conditions.

The national average for people with limiting long-term illness from the 2011 Census is 8.5%, however Lancashire is above the national average with 10.3%.

There are issues around mental health and wellbeing, with residents in the most deprived areas of Lancashire nearly twice as likely to have mental health problems compared to those in the least deprived areas.  This includes common mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, and more severe disorders such as schizophrenia.

Figures from the Primary Care Dementia Data show that on 31 March 2023 there were 11,031 known cases of dementia in the 65+ registered population across the Lancashire-12 area.  For Blackburn with Darwen this was 1,077, and Blackpool was 1,453.

Adult social care is an important function of the county council, particularly with the expected rise in the older population.  There are many factors which can influence whether an individual accesses social care including living arrangements and health status.  In Lancashire, more people aged over-65 live alone compared to England and are more likely to have a limiting long-term illness or disability, requiring adult care services, a figure which is likely to increase.

The percentage of people aged 16 years and over and classed as long-term sick or disabled in the 2021 Census was 4.64% in Lancashire compared to 4.07% as an average in England.

The most up to date estimates (2016/17) indicate that there are 9.1 opiate and/or crack cocaine users (per 1,000 of the population aged 15-64) in the Lancashire-12 area, in line with the England estimate (8.9). Blackburn with Darwen (18.8) and Blackpool (23.5) both have significantly higher estimated rates of opiate and/or crack cocaine users.

In the Lancashire-12 area, an estimated 13.4% of adults (18+) smoke, which is in line with the England estimate of 12.7% (Annual Population Survey, 2022). Blackburn with Darwen (19.4%) and Blackpool (18.8%) have a significantly higher estimated proportion of adult smokers, compared to England.

At a district level, Fylde is significantly better than England (6.4%) whilst all remaining districts in Lancashire-12 all are statistically similar to England (the Ribble Valley value is not published and therefore not comparable).

Technological (and Infrastructure)

Emerging Technology - Electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems

Modelling shows that there will be a need for around 6,600 charge points throughout Lancashire by 2030, with an estimate that there will be over 240,000 Electric vehicles in Lancashire by then, representing 36% of all cars and vans.

Following the growth in the use of lithium-Ion batteries in vehicles, commercial settings and in domestic environments, fire and rescue services across the UK have subsequently seen an increase in attendance at incidents involving this ever-growing list of applications.  Lithium-Ion batteries are, in most cases, a safe and stable means of providing energy, with charging and discharge controlled by a battery management system (BMS), which prevents over charging and associated overheating of the battery.

If the battery overheats because of failure of the battery management system, there is a risk that the temperature will reach a level where the structure of the battery breaks down and this leads to thermal runaway, the production of a range of toxic gases, which is potentially flammable and explosive in nature. Lithium-ion batteries power many products such as mobile phones and laptops, but over recent years larger more powerful batteries have evolved and are now the power source in electric cars.

In the renewable energy environment, energy generated by solar, wind, biogas and other sources is increasingly being stored in lithium-ion battery solutions.  In the commercial environment this can be in the form of a Battery Energy Storage System and are a fundamental part of the UK’s move toward a sustainable energy system.

The installation of battery energy storage system systems both in the UK and around the globe is increasing at an exponential rate.  The county has seen a significant increase in planning applications submitted to build these sites in both rural and populated areas, which in turn is requiring significantly more resource within Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service to deal with this emerging risk.  These sites consist of several shipping container size battery units which contain a significant number of lithium batteries within them, the number of these units on a site in the county range from ten units, to six hundred and forty-eight at a site in Heysham.  A fire at one of these sites in Merseyside proved to be very challenging with no staff on site, and extinguishing the fire took several days.

Due to the speed and scale of the introduction of this technology formalised UK guidance has been scarce on what fire precautions need to be installed to reduce the fire risk, and what firefighting facilities are required to enable fire and rescue services to both extinguish fires and mitigate environmental impacts.  In 2023 the National Fire Chiefs Council produced a guidance document to aid fire and rescue services in dealing with these sites and the government has changed planning guidance to advise developers that they should consult with the fire and rescue services prior to applying for planning permission.  However, this is still a developing technology, and guidance will need to keep a pace with the new technology.  Further information on Battery Energy Storage Systems can be found our website.

An increasing number of bus fleets within the county will be changing a large volume of their fleet to being battery powered vehicles in the coming years, in line with the government’s green energy agenda.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service engaged with Blackpool Council in 2023 to provide advice on the risks that this type of vehicle presents to them as an operator and Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service’s’ response to incidents involving them.

In the domestic world, modern solar panels are increasingly linked to a domestic battery, Domestic Energy Storage System. Domestic Energy Storage System’s store energy from domestic Photo voltaic Solar) panels for use in the home rather than feeding back into the National grid.  They are becoming increasingly popular with both new builds and refurbishments.  Due to the cost-of-living crisis, there are increasing cases of “homemade” domestic energy storage systems using second hand Electric Vehicle Lithium-ion battery packs.  These will also be problematic in the same way as battery energy storage system sites and fire and rescue services will not have any prior information on the presence of these in houses.

As the proliferation of alternative energy sources and energy storage increase, we are likely to attend more incidents involving Lithium-Ion batteries.

Emerging Technology - Hydrogen

The county has recently started to see the emergence of Hydrogen as an alternative fuel source.  In Samlesbury there are plans for a Hydrogen storage facility to provide fuel for HGVS and a paper mill in the southern area of the county is trialling the use of Hydrogen as opposed to Natural gas in its papermaking process.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service are updating the planning guidance letter and will adapt our guidance and response according to the likely increase of Hydrogen as a fuel source.

Artificial Intelligence / Robotics / Autonomous Vehicles

Artificial intelligence AI) is becoming increasingly capable of gathering, analysing and making decisions from real world data, without the need for direct human involvement in the process.  It has a wide range of applications in many different sectors of the economy and society including various forms of transportation used on land, water and the air).  There is a potential use in firefighting operations - human controlled robotic firefighting devices

Infrastructure

There is a wide range of infrastructure risk within Lancashire in addition to the expansive range of transport networks including reservoirs, dams, and wind turbines.

The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the motorway network.  The M6 runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston.  The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles 18.3 km) long.  The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn and Preston.  The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres 0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester, and the trans-Pennine M62.  The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

Other major roads include the east–west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood; the A666 from the A59 north of Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via Lancaster.

Lancashire is home to 62 railway stations operating over 200 miles of track.  These range from busy commuter stations such as Preston and Lancaster situated on the West Coast Mainline, to smaller stations some unmanned) located in rural areas.  Lancashire is also part host to a heritage rail line, the East Lancashire Railway, which runs from Rawtenstall on a 12-mile stretch to Heywood in Greater Manchester.

In addition to the rail network, Lancashire has an 11-mile tram system that operates from Starr Gate in Blackpool to Fleetwood in the Wyre district.  Part of this network is a ‘shared space zone’; this is an urban design approach reducing demarcation between trams, vehicles, and pedestrians, with some kerbs and traffic signs removed to produce a more open space.

Lancashire also has three ports, situated in Heysham, Fleetwood and Glasson Dock.  There are also several other maritime related sites which service leisure craft such as Preston Docks.  The largest port is Heysham which is a deep berth port capable of handling some of the world’s largest vessels.  It is served by a railway station and the M6 Bay Gateway link road.  The port is a key gateway for Irish Sea trade and is attracting significant investment including a £10m improvement programme.  Its proximity to gas fields and the world’s largest offshore wind farm Walney Extension) has also influenced the type of goods being handled & services offered.

Lancashire mainly lies within the North West river basin district England is covered by 10 'River Basin Districts') with a very small part near Earby in Pendle district is in the Humber River basin district.  Most water bodies in Lancashire eventually flow out into the Irish Sea through the estuaries of the Ribble, Wyre and Lune rivers.  Some in the south of the county flow southwards and join up with tributaries of the Mersey.  Only the water bodies in the Humber River basin district flow eastwards into Yorkshire and finally merge with the North Sea.  The term 'water body' may refer to a river, lake, reservoir, canal, aquifer, or inter-tidal part of an estuary.  As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties.  These include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster Canal, Sankey Canal, Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.

The County is served by a handful of airports some of which are within the county boundary.  Blackpool Airport are no longer operating domestic or international flights, but it is still the home of flying schools, private operators and North West Air Ambulance.  There is an operational airfield at Warton near Preston where there is a major assembly and test facility for BAE Systems.  Manchester Airport is the main airport in the North West region, with Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Leeds Bradford both nearby.

There are over 100 registered dams and reservoirs in Lancashire owned by United Utilities and private owners.  The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 requires category 1 responders such as Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service to have plans in place to respond to all emergencies including flooding.  Due to the vast amount of water reservoirs can hold, they have been identified as high risk and so a multi-agency reservoir plan has been developed.

Additionally, Lancashire currently has 16 onshore windfarms in operation hosting a total of 80 wind turbines.  Wind turbines present an assortment of risks; the remote locations of many of the turbines can mean that travel time to the areas can increase the likelihood of fire spread.  The height, location and construction of the turbines can make them prone to lighting strikes, and as the turbine-supporting tower structure may be over 100m high, if people are trapped rescue operations may prove to be very difficult.

Environment

Climate Change - Wildfires

The impact of climate change is having a detrimental impact on the frequency and severity of wildfires, this includes changes in the timing of when wildfires occur and subsequently the materials that burn.  In addition to the late spring season wildfires, we are starting to see the wildfire season extend into the summer months, which is having a significant impact on the ability of Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service to extinguish wildfires using conventional methods.  Early season wildfires generally involve surface fuels (e.g., Molinia grasses and heathers) as these are dryer than the cold, damp materials below the surface, which are generally managed by conventional wildfire equipment.  As wildfires are becoming more frequent in the summer months these create more challenging conditions as it is not only the surface fuels that burn but the sub-surface fuels too.

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service continues to invest in the technological development of our wildfire response capability, and we are working more closely with private and public sector organisations on wildfire prevention and response. Our Climate Change Operational Response Plan aims to reduce the threat to the communities in Lancashire, improve firefighter safety and reduce the costs and impact upon Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service, partners and our communities.

Climate Change - Flooding

Over the last few years, flooding caused by extreme rainfall has become a bigger issue in Lancashire and across the country.  Heavy rain has had a devastating impact, this has led to people needing to leave their homes and seen valuables destroyed by flood water.

When it rains heavily and for a long period of time, the drains become overwhelmed by the amount of water – they overflow and the water on the surface has nowhere to go.  Large puddles can become more of a flood, stretching across whole streets, pavements and sometimes further beyond that – this is known as surface water flooding.

Flash floods can occur anywhere and without warning during and after heavy rainfall, making them much more difficult to predict.  It's inconvenient and likely to cause disruption on the roads, but when it's more serious it can also cause damage to homes and businesses.

Built Environment

In the past few years, Lancashire has seen the emergence of newer forms of construction, using more modern construction materials.  Timber framed buildings is just one form of construction method that is growing in popularity due to the ease and speed of construction along with the lower build costs, and although once completed they adhere to stringent building and fire safety regulations, they pose several significant risks when in the construction phase in addition to the economic cost because of fire.

New building materials are being developed that present better value for money and reliability in terms of lower maintenance or replacement costs, however some of these poses significant risk.  One such risk that Lancashire has experienced is the emergence of composite fencing and decking materials (made from recycled materials including plastic).  Although some of these materials have suitable fire suppression characteristics, some do not, and it is these that have seen incidents escalate rapidly.  Developments in both building materials and process is against a backdrop of developing technologies and reducing demand on fossil fuels.  The development of both commercial battery energy storage systems and domestic energy storage systems are examples of this.  Ongoing work is taking place to identify ways of mitigating the risk to prevent such significant fires occurring again.

Work continues in relation to high-rise and high-risk residential premises in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire in 2017 along with focus on mid-rise (11-18mtr) premises and other work to ensure the safety of all commercial properties within Lancashire.  More detailed information about the built environment risk can be found within our protection and business safety strategy.

Legal

The Building Safety Act 2022

The Act applies to new and existing buildings above 18m with at least two residents (including care homes and hospitals above this height). It creates:

·      a universal change in responsibility and culture within the building industry.

·      puts residents at the heart of safety in buildings.

·      Clarifies who is responsible for Fire and Building Safety throughout the life cycle of such buildings.

There will also be an additional approvals process for higher-risk buildings. Changes to liability in relation to construction of new buildings such that there will be a general and direct right of action brought into force.

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022

The new regulations require that for all multi-occupied residential buildings, the following is provided: Fire Safety instructions, Fire Door Information.

For all residential buildings above 11 metres in height:  The above, plus Fire Doors

For high-rise residential buildings above 18 metres or 7 storeys:  All of the above, plus Building Plans, External Wall Systems, Lifts and other key Fire-fighting Equipment, Secure Information Boxes, Wayfinding Signage

The Fire Safety Act 2021

The Act specifies additional areas which the responsible person / duty-holder for multi-occupied residential buildings must consider when managing and reducing risk of fire within their premises. These are:

·      The structure and external walls of the building including anything attached to it (e.g. cladding, balconies, windows etc)

·      Entrance doors from the common areas of the building into individual flats.

We take a risk-based approach to inspecting businesses to make sure they are complying with fire safety laws. Targeting the highest risk premises where occupants are at significant risk of harm if a fire occurs, ensures an effective and efficient approach. The continuous development of our protection workforce towards the required levels of competence will strengthen delivery of our risk-based inspection programme in line with fire safety changes.

Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023

Last year the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 was introduced to ensure that the public can continue to access services that they rely on, during strike action, this included Fire and Rescue Services.  However, the Minimum Service Levels will be repealed through the Employment Rights Bill.

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service will continue to monitor these developments alongside maintaining robust business continuity arrangements for staff absence.

Organisational

Risk that service funding over the medium term is insufficient to achieve 2022-27 community risk management plan objectives

By law, fire and rescue services must set a balanced budget. The only aspect of its funding that the Service can directly control is the level of council tax that it sets, sometimes also referred to as the precept.

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service issues e.g. staff availability, recruitment, retention, loss of key staff.

There are a range of risks and issues that can affect the resilience, effectiveness and availability of the Service including: staff inability or reduced ability to work due to disruption caused by factors such as pandemics, fuel supply issues, industrial action etc.; impact of employment market conditions on attraction of new staff, retention of existing staff, and overall workforce stability (specifically the ratio of experienced / competent staff to inexperienced staff / staff in development.)

Impact of public inquiries e.g. Grenfell, and Manchester Arena

Building safety related legislation and regulations have been comprehensively updated in light of the findings from the Grenfell inquiry.  In particular, the roles of persons responsible for tall and multi-occupancy buildings have been clarified and extended.  In addition, draft legislation known as ‘Martyn’s Law’ in currently being enacted by Parliament.  This seeks to improve safety and security at publicly accessible venues with a capacity of 100 or more people.  Phase 1 of the Grenfell Inquiry made 46 recommendations directed at London Fire Brigade, other fire and rescue services, the emergency services, Government and owners and managers of residential buildings.  Phase 2 of the Inquiry will possibly also have additional recommendations for fire and rescue services.

The Manchester Arena Inquiry led to 50 recommendations directly applicable to fire and rescue services and a further 24 to multiple agencies including fire and rescue.

[1] HLE indicates the amount of time a person will live in good health (rather than with a disability or in poor health)

Executive risk assessment summary

Based on our risk assessment methodology, all incident categories have been scored.  The highest risk incident types can be seen below.  The highest risk incident types have been recorded within the Community Risk Management Plan (2022-2027) which highlights our proactive and reactive measure in response to the risk.

Items within the risk assessment have been linked in the COMMUNITY RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN outcomes due to similarities in response 1 have been merged, 2 have been merged, and *3 have been merged.

Overall risk rating percentiles

Commercial property fires

Commercial property accounts for roughly 13% of the value of all buildings across the UK and is worth almost £900bn, according to the British Property Federation.  Commercial property comprises a diverse range of property types including office space and retail establishments, from high street shops to large out-of-town complexes.  It also refers to leisure establishments, such as restaurants, pubs, hotels, and gyms, and even car parking.

As with most counties throughout England, Lancashire boasts thousands of commercial premises, all of which must comply with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.  Fire and rescue services are responsible for enforcing this legislation and Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service has a robust inspection programme in place for those premises deemed to be high risk.  Fire inspection forms the basis of our protection programme designed to reduce the risk and impact of fire upon communities, businesses, and our environment, and safeguard firefighters who respond to incidents involving them.

Over the past five years, we have attended an average of 242 incidents a year which have involved commercial premises where the cause has been recorded as accidental or unknown.  This equates to a five-year total of 1,212 incidents.

Non-residential properties accounted for 86% of the incidents, of which food and drink establishments accounted for 18%, with retail outlets also with 18%, and industrial manufacturing 15%.

Other residential properties accounted for the other 14% of the total number of incidents, of which residential homes accounted for 32%, hotel/motel 30%, and student hall of residence 15%.

Fires at commercial property types resulted in 2 fatalities, 4 serious injuries and 13 minor injuries over the previous five years.

Wildfire

The wildfire season, severity and size of wildfires is increasing in duration, this could be attributed to climate change and other factors that have sustained or increased the fuel layer on the moors such as changes in land management, reduced animal grazing and competing priorities for moorland management.

Wildfires have historically occurred in spring and summer months.  The spring fires usually involve surface fine fuel fires such as Molina grass/heather that have been dried out by the wind, sun, and frost.  The fires that occur are also supported by a blanket of dead vegetation on the moors from the previous year.  These types of fires can spread rapidly over large geographic areas.

The summer fires are caused by prolonged periods of drought conditions due to low rainfall and high temperatures.  Ground fuel fires that occur in large and remote geographic areas where water sources are not readily available can be extremely resource intensive, require support from partner agencies and be difficult to extinguish due to being deep seated below ground.  These types of incidents require vast quantities of water far in excess what conventional fire-fighting appliances can deliver.

We know that wildfires can start for many reasons, such as mishandled campfires or barbecues, malicious activity such as deliberate fire setting, infrastructure incidents such as sparks from electricity lines or rail transport, and natural phenomena such as lightning (although this is rare).  Hot, dry and windy weather are ideal conditions for wildfires to start and spread.

Over the previous five years, we attended 592 wildfire incidents which is an average of 118 incidents a year.  80% of the incidents only involved 1 pump.  44% of all the wildfire incidents were deliberate, including some large-scale, multi-pump incidents attended by Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service.

Deliberate building fires

Inevitably, when thinking of deliberate fires, the term arson is often used.  This is the act of using fire to destroy or damage any property belonging to another.  However, there are many different reasons why individuals or groups display fire-setting behaviour, from curiosity to anti-social behaviour, to mental health issues.  The term ‘deliberate fire setting’ covers a wider proportion of scenarios.

Regardless of the reason, a deliberate fire can cause significant damage to property, communities, the economy and in the worst-case scenarios cause injury or death.  Using our incident recording system and Geographical Information Systems. Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service can scan for trends in anti–social and deliberate fire setting.  By doing this, areas can be quickly identified through emerging trends, meaning prevention activities can be planned and undertaken, often with our partners.  Activities can include anything from removal of rubbish to increased youth engagement activities, all with an aim to reduce the incidence of deliberate fires and help our partners build stronger more sustainable communities.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 225 deliberate building fires a year.  Non-residential buildings accounted for 50% of the fires with public admin, security and safety properties being targeted the most (26% of the non-residential fires).  Deliberate dwelling fires accounted for 44% of the total incidents with houses of single occupancy taking a 52% share of these incidents.

Deliberate building fires have been responsible for 8 fatalities, 12 serious injuries and 21 minor injuries over the last five years.

Flooding

Whilst Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service has no statutory duty to provide emergency response to water or flooding events, as a category 1 responder the Service is bound by the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 to have plans in place to respond to all emergencies.  Through close consultation and collaboration with our partners and the Lancashire Resilience Forum, a Multi-Agency Flood Plan has been developed which outlines the agreed coordinated multi agency response should a flooding event occur in the Lancashire area.  This plan has been identified as an essential requirement as it has been recognised through the Lancashire Resilience Forum Community Risk Register that there are approximately 65,000 properties at high or very high risk from flooding within Lancashire.  The average cost of flooding to a home is around £30,000 and to a business £82,000.  The effects on mental health can last for months and even years.  Environmental impacts include pollution, harm to livestock and wildlife, and destruction of habitats.  Disruption to power supplies and transport networks is a risk and in the most severe cases, floods can cause injury and death.

Due to the diverse nature of the Lancashire landscape, our communities can be at risk from coastal / tidal flooding, river flooding (fluvial), surface water (pluvial) and reservoir flooding, albeit the likelihood of these events occurring varies from 1 in 5 years to 1 in 1000 years.

In the last five years, Lancashire Fire and Rescue service has responded to 212 flooding related incidents relating to high tides, rising river levels or surface water.  This equates to 42 incidents of this type a year.  Domestic dwellings were affected at 71% of these incidents.  Rossendale has been the most affected (14% of the incidents), mainly due to the surface water and rising river levels.

Accidental dwelling fires (ADF’s)

Dwelling fires are those occurring in buildings that are normally occupied, typically houses, flats and bungalows.  Fires of this nature can also result in both physical and mental harm and the injuries sustained could be fatal.  As well as the human cost associated with dwelling fires, there is a significant economic burden associated with property damage.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue service continues to provide a community fire safety service to the residents of Lancashire, where smoke alarms can be fitted, and home fire safety advice tailored to individual households as part of a Safe and Well visit.  Reduction activity is carried out by community fire safety staff alongside operational personnel in conjunction with local and national campaigns.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 799 incidents a year of this type.  Single occupancy houses accounted for 63% of all accidental dwelling fires.  Followed by purpose built flats with 12% and self-contained sheltered housing 8%.

Blackpool district experienced the highest number of accidental dwelling fires followed by Lancaster then Preston.  Ribble Valley has seen the lowest number of accidental dwelling fires over the last five years.  35% of the total number of accidental dwelling fires were caused by 18-64 year olds with 22% caused by the elderly (65+).  The biggest cause of accidental dwelling fires are cooking appliance related, followed by spread from a secondary fire and smoking related.

Road traffic collisions (RTC’s)

Nationally, road traffic collisions are the most frequently attended non-fire incident by Fire and Rescue Services.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service has a statutory duty to provide an emergency response to road traffic collisions. Whilst we are not the lead agency for road safety prevention work (this falls to Lancashire County Council and Unitary Authorities), we do recognise the importance of road safety prevention work in mitigating collisions and the devastating effects that road traffic collisions can have on individuals and communities.  We are part of the Lancashire Road Safety Partnership.

The area covered by Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service is large and includes 5 motorways, over 700 km’s of 'A' roads and a significantly high number of rural roads.  Statistics have shown that car occupants are the most likely to be killed in a road traffic collision, followed by pedestrians, motorcyclists and cyclists.  Children aged under 15 are most likely to be involved in road traffic collisions as pedestrians.

Over the previous five years, Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service have attended an average of 634 incidents of this type a year, which accounts for 15% of all Special Service calls.  There has been 57 fatalities and 420 serious injuries from road traffic collisions attended by Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service over the last five years, that involved either the extrication of trapped individuals or making the vehicle(s) safe.  Other types of work undertaken by operational crews at road traffic collisions have included making the scene safe, offering medical assistance only and the release of individuals where there was no requirement for an extrication to take place.

Rescue collapsed structure/confined space

Incidents occurring in confined spaces and within/around collapsed or unstable structures are some of the most complex areas that fire and rescue services work in and include both geological and manmade structures.

Fire and rescue services frequently attend incidents that involve a combination of these contexts, where danger to operational crews and the public is significant.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service aims to promote and develop good practice and support the development of safe systems of work to minimise the dangers faced in these environments.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 86 incidents a year of this type, attending 432 incidents in total. Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service attended 59 incidents involving somebody trapped in or under machinery or another object e.g., hopper, conveyor, crusher.  Thirteen incidents from a collapsed structure, and 9 incidents involved a rescue from a confined space.  Due to the nature of this incident type, there have been 10 fatalities, 36 serious injuries and 36 minor injuries.

Road vehicle fires

The road vehicle fires dataset covers primary fires attended by Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service that involved any vehicle designed for road use.  Fires in derelict road vehicles are only included if they are considered to be a primary fire (i.e., the fire involved a fatality, casualty or rescue, or the fire was attended by five or more pumping appliances).

Every year in the UK, thousands of road vehicles are involved in fire and unfortunately people die as a result.  Around half of these fires are started deliberately to cover criminal activity, to make a fraudulent insurance claim or as an act of vandalism.  One in 12 reported stolen vehicles will be burnt out.  Many other vehicle fires break out because of a fault or simply due to a lack of basic maintenance.  The financial loss of having a car fire is bad enough and although insurance may compensate for this, nothing can help with the shock and inconvenience that follow even a small fire.

Over the previous five years we have attended an average of 478 incidents a year involving road vehicle fires.  This equates to 2392 in total, with 59% involving cars, 12% vans and 10% motorcycles, with 41% of the fires being deliberate. 

The district of Preston experienced the most road vehicle fires, and 44% are deliberate.  There were casualties from this incident type with 6 fatalities, 8 people sustaining serious injuries over the last five years, and 9 people with minor injuries.

Hazardous materials incident (Hazmat)

There are several pieces of legislation that place a duty on Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service to protect lives, property and the environment from the damaging effects of hazardous materials.  We work very closely with partner organisations, particularly the Environment Agency, to try to reduce the impact caused by hazardous materials.  Dangerous hazardous materials are regularly transported through the Service area via rail or road.  There are several other associated risks from hazardous materials, with some examples being Control of Major Accident Hazard sites and a multitude of other industrial sites, farms (especially in some of the more rural locations), waste sites and water treatment plants.  There are also several high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines crossing the region.  This hazard arises from the high pressure and the possibility of fire and explosion from a release if one of the pipelines failed or sustained damage.

Hazardous materials incident (Major)

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service have categorised a hazardous materials incident to be major if four or more pumping appliances attended.  Over the previous five years, we have attended a total of 21 incidents of this type resulting in four people sustaining slight injuries.

Assist other agencies

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service, Lancashire Constabulary and Northwest Ambulance Service have entered a Memorandum of Understanding which provides the agreement for Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service to replace Lancashire Constabulary as the supporting agency for Northwest Ambulance Service.  This refers to instances where it is necessary to assist Northwest Ambulance Service to gain entry to a property to provide patient care.  This incident type primarily relates to calls where there is concern for the welfare of a patient inside premises and cannot Northwest Ambulance Service gain access.  Northwest Ambulance Service staff on scene will request assistance to gain entry.

Over the previous five years we have attended an average of 1,317 incidents a year where we have assisted other agencies.  Of the 6,583 incidents attended, 80% were assistance to the Police/Ambulance-.  Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service also attended 581 incidents to assist NWAS with a bariatric patient.  Unfortunately, to the nature of this incident type, there were 296 fatalities, 890 serious injuries and 1,053 minor injuries dealt with by both Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service and NWAS.

Industrial fires

Industrial incidents can take a wide variety of forms, and their potential impact on our communities varies considerably in both scale and nature.  In some cases, these incidents will have very limited impacts beyond the immediate area and can be dealt with locally, although others can have cascading effects that may impact the wider community.  Within our Service area, there are 8 Top tier Control of Major Accident Hazard sites (Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999) and several lower tier sites covered by the Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations 1990.  These businesses are required to take all necessary measures to prevent major accidents involving dangerous substances to limit the consequences to people and the environment of any major accidents that do occur.

There are several industrial estates in our area that pose risks because of the diverse range of manufacturing and/or processes undertaken by the businesses that occupy the premises at these sites.  The experienced level of demand remains relatively low at these premises due to many sites being well-protected from the risk of fire and other incidents.  The significant level of prevention activity that we undertake as a fire and rescue service helps to ensure this level of protection remains high.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 43 industrial based incidents a year.  Of the 217 incidents attended, manufacturing accounted for 77% and processing 23%, with fires within engineering premises and factories accounting for 50% of the overall total.

Waste disposal site fires

Waste disposal sites nationally are recognised as being susceptible to fires, whether accidental or through negligence.  Such fires are an increasingly growing risk and have the potential to impact upon resources and local communities for a significant period.

As well as the health risk to the residents of Lancashire, and firefighters dealing with this type of incident, waste disposal site fires also place a strain on partner agencies such as the Police, Environment Agency, public health, local authorities and the site owners.

There are several waste disposal and recycling centres across the Service area, including a mix of local authority-owned and privately-owned sites.  The local authority-owned sites are often regulated by regulatory bodies such as the Environment Agency, while the private sites are regularly managed through unclear management structures.

For this document, ‘waste disposal site fires’ are defined as primary fires where a recycling or refuse structure has been affected.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 18 waste disposal site fires a year, equating to a total of 90, of which 70% (63) involved a refuse/rubbish tip with the remaining 30% (27) involving industrial processing.

High rise fires

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service regard any building that has six floors (ground + 5 floors above) as a high-rise building.  Buildings of this size present many challenges to fire and rescue services in the event of a fire.  To successfully deal with an incident in a high-rise building, realistic training is essential along with gathering and storing risk information, educating the occupants and enforcing any breaches of legislation.  We have identified high rise properties that have cladding that could promote external fire spread and put measures in place to ensure an appropriate, risk-based attendance is sent upon receipt of information that there is a confirmed fire in one of these buildings.  There are 46 high rise buildings in Lancashire, ranging from domestic accommodation to hospitals, car parks to entertainment venues, hotels to education.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 2 fires a year involving high rise buildings.  Of the 11 incidents attended in total, 8 were accidental fires.  Domestic dwellings accounted for 73% of the incidents and Student Halls of residence 18%. Car Parks accounted for 9% of the non-residential high-rise fires.

Despite the fears of rapid fire growth following the Grenfell tragedy, none of these incidents resulted in the fire spreading beyond the floor of origin.

Rescue from height

Nationally, the fire and rescue service respond to a wide range of incidents at height involving a variety of environments, such as industry, buildings/dwellings (including buildings under construction) and natural environments (such as steep ground, rock faces).  Locally, Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service covers a wide geographical area, including coastlines to the west, and fells and dales to the north.  We respond to incidents where people are stranded in inaccessible locations without specially trained rope rescue equipment, and where there is a high level of risk.  Every wholetime firefighter in Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service is trained to carry out a rescue using a rope pack and associated equipment, backed up by specialist teams from Chorley, or Bamber Bridge.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 63 rescues from height incidents a year.  This equates to 313 incidents in total.  Of these, 35% involved non-residential buildings, 27% involved domestic dwellings and 31% involved the outdoors, including rescues from trees and equipment in parks.  This incident type saw 12 serious injuries and 28 minor injuries.

Hazardous materials incident (Minor)

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service have categorised a hazardous materials incident to be minor if less than four pumping appliances attended.  Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 87 incidents of this type a year.  Of the 433 incidents attended, eight resulted in fatalities and there were fourteen serious injuries sustained.  66% of the incidents occurred in a domestic dwelling environment, whilst others included outdoors and road vehicles.  63% of the incidents involved a gas release.

Building under construction fires

When dealing with any fire in buildings under construction or demolition, whatever its size or complexity, they pose risks to fire and rescue service personnel.  There is often a presumption that construction, demolition or building work complies with relevant regulations.  This may not always be the case and if work is unregulated or in direct contravention of regulations, this could have a significant impact on the incident and firefighter safety.

Some small construction sites or buildings undergoing building work may be unknown to fire and rescue services, making pre-planning difficult.  Sites known to fire and rescue services may alter significantly throughout the life of the project such as changes to access and egress, hazardous material storage, layout and fire protection features.  Information obtained from site visits and inspections should be regularly reviewed, updated and communicated to relevant fire and rescue service personnel.

Existing buildings may contain hazardous substances that are associated with either the previous use of the building or building materials.  This could include substances such as asbestos, which may not have been highlighted in a survey.  If disturbed during building work or firefighting, asbestos presents a significant risk to health.  Although sites should be well-secured, using high fencing, hoardings, or other security measures, these may be compromised allowing the public to gain unauthorised access.

Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service has invested time and money in identifying risks associated with buildings under construction by assembling a built environment assessment team.

Over the previous five years, we attended 76 incidents involving buildings under construction.  This averages out at 15 incidents of this type a year.  Single occupancy dwellings accounted for 41% of the incidents.

Other outdoor fires (Primary)

Other outdoor fires are fires in either primary outdoor locations, or fires in non-primary outdoor locations that have casualties, or five or more pumping appliances attending.  Outdoor primary locations include outdoor structures such as post or telephone boxes, bridges, tunnels etc.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 353 incidents of this type, with an average of 71 incidents a year.  58% of these incidents were recorded as accidental.  230 incidents (65%) involved outdoor structures, and 69 incidents (20%) involved outdoor equipment and machinery.  Unfortunately, there were two fatalities over the last five years, along with 9 serious injuries and 11 slight injuries.

Removal of people from objects and Removal of objects from people

People often get stuck, some very seriously and sometimes through no fault of their own.  Fire and rescue services log callouts in a number of categories, including ‘removal of people from objects’ and the rather more wince-inducing ‘removal of objects from people’.  Quite often, these incidents are as simple as removing a ring from a finger, however sometimes over-confidence is to blame, having been spurred on by other people and showing off, resulting in people getting stuck in objects that take fire and rescue service’s a little more time and resources to successfully deal with.

Removal of people from objects

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 71 incidents a year involving the removal of people from objects.  Of the 353 incidents attended, 67% involved a trapped limb, with the other 33% being recorded as ‘other’. 42% of these incidents occurred in the domestic dwelling environment.

Removal of objects from people

Over the previous five years, we have attended 404 incidents of this type.  This equates to an average of 81 incidents a year.  Ring removal accounted for 74% of these incidents with other incidents attended including impalements, handcuff removal and removal of other objects such as railings.

Animal rescue

For many years, firefighters have responded to a variety of incidents involving pets, livestock, and wild animals.  Animals in distress can pose a potentially serious risk to the public, staff from other agencies and firefighters.  There is also an element of risk of members of the public suffering serious injury should they decide to attempt an animal rescue themselves.  As Lancashire has large rural areas as well as densely populated areas, Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service inevitably responds to incidents where a range of animals are in distress.  We therefore have a range of resources available to deal with this risk, including six specialist animal rescue trained stations based at strategic locations across the county.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 181 animal rescues per year, equating to 905 incidents in total.  Incidents involving trapped animals accounted for 44% of the total, with the majority involving domestic animals.  26% of animal rescues involved a rescue from height with the majority involving domestic animals.  We attended 153 incidents (17%) involving rescues of animals from water or mud with over half of these involving livestock.

Other transport fires (air, boat, train)

Although air is one of the safest modes of transport, incidents relating to air travel are still present across the UK, with many occurrences related to smaller aircraft such as microlights and gliders.  Within Lancashire, to the far west of the county, sits Blackpool airport, where the risk of an air transport fire is high due to the amount of traffic utilising the airport.

Lancashire has over 120 km’s of coastline, several rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals and other water bodies that have the potential to have boats of varying sizes being used for business and pleasure purposes.

Incidents on the railways can also pose significant risks and potential danger to the community.  The west coast main line dissects Lancashire, with trains running between Edinburgh and London stopping at Preston.  There are also a few other local lines in operation, all of which pose their own unique levels of hazards and risks.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 4 incidents a year involving vehicles other than those that are road based.  Of the 20 incidents that occurred over the five-year period, 10 were accidental and 10 were deliberate.  One incident involved a military aircraft, 2 incidents involved trains/trams, with the remainder (17) involving boats.

Secondary fires (accidental) and Secondary fires (anti-social behaviour - ASB)

This type of incident incorporates fires with no casualties, rescues or valuable property loss.  These include outdoor fires, derelict property and derelict vehicle fires.  Outdoor fires may involve grass, refuse, wheelie bins and straw.

Although there may be less damage incurred by secondary fires than primary fires, and these incident types generally occur outdoors, not involving people or property, the impact of deliberate secondary fires on Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service is substantial.  Secondary fires are one of the biggest burdens placed on our resources.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 1,561deliberate secondary fires a year, equating to 7,803 in total.  Of these, 68% involved rubbish, in the form of either loose refuse, a skip, a small refuse container or a wheelie bin.  Over 50% of the total number of incidents occurred in the districts of Preston, Burnley, Blackpool or Blackburn with Darwen.

Over the same five-year period, we have attended an average of 1,616accidental secondary fires a year, equating to 8,082 in total.  Over half of these incidents occurred in the five districts of Blackburn with Darwen, Preston, Blackpool, Burnley and Lancaster.  As with deliberate secondary fires these mainly involved refuse.

Suicide or suicide attempts

Across England, fire and rescue services responded to a record number of suicides or suicide attempts – the ninth successive yearly increase nationwide.  Suicide and suicide attempts can have lasting effects on individuals, their social networks and communities and the emergency responders attending.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 211 suicides or suicide attempts.  This is an average of 42 incidents of this type a year.  The districts of Preston (18%) and Blackpool (15%) had the highest number of incidents.  Incident recording shows that we attended 164 incidents where there was a threat of/attempted suicide and 47 incidents of suicide.  44% of the total number of incidents occurred within a domestic residence.

Heritage fires

Heritage buildings or their contents may be of economic or cultural importance.  These buildings present unique hazards, having been built in a period with no fire safety regulations, using traditional materials and construction methods.  Utilities and associated protection measures are unlikely to meet current standards.  Wiring may have deteriorated, and circuits can have no isolation point, or isolation may not control all circuits.

Heritage buildings that are open to the public or have had recent alterations may have been modified to meet current regulations.  During a building’s lifetime, it may have been altered or extended, using different materials and methods which can cause the structure to behave in unexpected ways.  In older properties, internal studded walls may support part of the weight of the property.  It is common for heritage buildings to have mezzanine floors, basements, tunnels, and attics.

The materials and design of heritage buildings can increase the expected rate of fire growth and spread.  Fire spread may travel in hidden voids, behind facades and in cavities to unexpected sections of the building.  Vaults and ducts can cause unchecked fire to spread underfoot.  Lack of compartmentation can cause fires to spread to additional rooms.  Fire spread may also occur between properties where shared roof spaces or voids exist.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 41incidents where there has been a fire within a 50-metre radius of a heritage property.  This is an average of 8 incidents of this type a year.

Effecting entry/exit

The fire service is the ‘go to’ service when people need to get in to, or out of a building or vehicle in an emergency.  Incident types range from getting access to a house because somebody is in distress, children locked in their bedroom along with animals locked in cars.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 281incidents a year of this type, totalling 1,406.  Of these incidents, 53% involved Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service effecting entry/exit to a dwelling due to somebody being in distress, being a child or, a medical case.  Children in vehicles accounted for 14% of the incidents.  Over this five-year period, this incident type has resulted in 16 fatalities, 63 serious injuries and 80 slight injuries to members of the public.

Other transport or making safe (not fire)

This incident type is split into two categories, ‘making safe (not Road Traffic Collision)’ and ‘other transport incident’.  Attendance at these incidents could be following a request from other emergency services or through the 999-call route.  Incidents in these categories include cordoning off, body retrieval and stabilising an unsafe structure as well as making the scene safe, releasing a person and making a vehicle safe.

Over the previous five years, we have attended an average of 190 incidents a year of this type, totalling 949.  Of the 949 incidents attended, 86% have resulted in Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service making the scene safe, with 47% of these incidents requiring us to stabilise, or otherwise make safe an unsafe structure.  The majority of these have been in a domestic environment however, numerous incidents involved retail, food and drink establishments and outdoor structures.  This incident type has resulted in 15 fatalities, 7 serious injuries and 27 minor injuries.

Lift release

Fire and rescue services are not required to attend incidents where a person is shut in a lift, and not in any immediate physical or medical danger.  They should only be called in an emergency.  Maintenance and non-emergency lift releases are the responsibility of the building or lift owner, who should ensure there is a 24/7 lift release service provided, as well as communications facilities inside the elevator so a person can raise the alarm.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 680 incidents involving a lift release, equating to an average of 136 incidents a year.  76% of these incidents involved a rescue of someone that was not in distress.  67% of the total number of incidents involved a residential building.

Rescue from water

There are several water-related risks across Lancashire, with the Rivers Ribble, Lune, Wyre, Irwell and Calder, each posing their own risks.  The risk of members of the public entering the water and getting into difficulty appears to be on the increase.  The combination of the River Lune and River Ribble running directly through the cities of Preston and Lancaster respectively, and the growing student population in those cities brings an increased risk of water-related incidents occurring.  Lancashire has over 120 km’s of coastline, and there are several lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies across the Service area that pose risks to the community. The west of the county also has three ports, Heysham, Fleetwood and Glasson.

Our crews carry out training in these areas to ensure their knowledge of the hazards posed and ability to respond are first class. Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service continues to prepare for water rescue incidents daily and provides an emergency response 24 hours a day.

Over the previous five years, we attended an average of 46 water rescue related incidents a year.  Overall, this equates to 231 water rescue incidents in total.  These incidents have seen 27 fatalities,16 serious and 42 minor injuries.  The main type of incident we attended involved rescues from rivers/canals (49%) and rescues from lakes/ponds/reservoirs (8%).

Malicious attacks/terrorist incidents

The UK faces a serious and sustained threat from terrorism, including from international groups, domestic extremists and Northern Ireland related groups.  The current UK threat level for terrorism is ‘substantial’, which means an attack is likely.  While most incidents have occurred in and around major cities in the UK, it is vital that all emergency services are prepared to deal with an incident in their area.  For the purposes of this document, ‘terrorist’ refers to any individual or group seeking to use threats or violence as a means of inflicting terror for the purpose of advancing political, religious, racial or ideological causes.  This includes a wide variety of individuals and groups of varying ideologies and backgrounds.  Incident types may include Marauding Terrorist Attack, Chemical, Biological Radiological or Nuclear and explosives vehicles as a weapon of choice, or smaller-scale attacks.

We prepare for such incidents by taking advice from the relevant authorities on the potential risks posed and assessing the impact that such an attack/incident may cause through working with key partners as part of the Lancashire Resilience Forum.

We have not attended any incidents of this type over the previous five years.

Rescue from depth

Special service incidents involving rescues from below ground could involve shafts, caves, tunnels, sewers or wells.  Rescues of this type are often protracted in nature with access difficult for fire appliances.  They may require the use of technical rope skills, and/or additional appliances such as an aerial ladder platform.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 23 incidents, with 15 involving outdoor rescues, 7 rescues from buildings and 1 from a vehicle.  There was one fatality, nine people sustained serious injuries and seven sustained minor injuries.

Rescue from mud

Mud rescues involve the use of specialist equipment to recover people and animals from the mud or sinking sand that lies along coasts, river embankments, and lakes.  A typical rescue involves using an inflatable raft to support the sinking casualty whilst the crew then use either water or air to soften the mud, allowing the casualty to be pulled to safety.  Incidents where people get stuck in deep mud are particularly hazardous.  If not rescued quickly enough, a victim may sink further down, which can be hastened by panicking and moving.  In addition, trapped victims could be swept away by the water in areas of large tidal variation or by strong currents.

Teams of rescuers require special expertise that is different, but related to water rescue and as such, Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service have a range of resources available to deal with this type of incident, including six specialist trained stations based at strategic locations across the county along with close working relationships with Bay Search and Rescue Teams and the Coastguard.

Over the previous five years, we have attended 34 incidents, which equates to 7 incidents a year on average. The districts of West Lancashire, Lancaster and Fylde accounted for 50% of the incidents.